Copy ∎, the tombstone that marks the end of a proof, or the filled and hollow squares that replace it.
End of Proof Symbol
∎End of proofU+220EReady to copy
14 end of proof signs and stand-ins. Tap any value to copy it.
14 end of proof signs and stand-ins. A character and its name both copy the character. A code copies the code.
Character
Name
Code point
Alt code
HTML
LaTeX
U+220E. The sign that closes a proof, which Unicode also calls q.e.d.; tombstone and halmos are its other names. No named entity and in neither Alt code table. With the unicode-math package it is \QED.
U+25A0. The filled square that is printed where ∎ is not to hand. Alt+254.
U+25A1. The hollow square, the form LaTeX's proof environment prints by default. \square needs amssymb; □ in HTML.
U+25AE. The upright tombstone. Unicode cross-refers it to the end of proof sign and also calls it histogram marker. ▮ in HTML.
U+25AF. The upright form drawn hollow.
U+2023. A small triangle that some authors set at the end of a proof. Unicode cross-refers it to U+220E.
Made of U+0051, U+0045 and U+0044. Short for quod erat demonstrandum, that which was to be demonstrated: how a proof closed before the box took over.
Made of two U+002F. Some authors end a proof with two forward slashes, typed from the keyboard.
Made of four U+002F. The longer form of the same close.
Made of U+039F, U+0395 and U+0394: omicron, epsilon, delta. Short for the Greek phrase that Q.E.D. translates.
Made of U+0051, U+0045 and U+0046. Short for quod erat faciendum, which had to be done: the close of a construction, not of a proof.
U+2234. Not an end mark: it stands before a conclusion and is read therefore. \therefore needs amssymb.
U+2610. Not a proof sign: an empty box to tick, and a look-alike of the hollow square.
U+1FAA6. Not the proof sign: the emoji of a grave marker, for a search that meant that kind of tombstone. Added in Unicode 13.0 (2020).
The end of proof symbol is ∎, U+220E, also called the tombstone or the halmos. In a math text it marks a finished proof, where Q.E.D. used to stand. In print the box is filled or hollow, so ■ and □ serve as well.
Read the full guide
In LaTeX
The amsthm package sets the sign by itself at the end of a proof environment, as a hollow square. Where a proof ends in a displayed formula or a list, \qedhere puts it on that last line. For a filled square, redefine \qedsymbol as $\blacksquare$, which needs amssymb.
Where the box came from
Magazines closed an article with a small end mark. In 1950 the mathematician Paul Halmos took the mark into mathematics, which is why it is also called a halmos.
∎ has no HTML name: write ∎. The name ▪ gives the small square ▪ and not this sign.
Questions and answers
How do I copy and paste the tombstone symbol?
∎ is an ordinary character, one of Unicode’s Mathematical Operators, so it pastes like a letter after the last sentence of a proof. A device with no font for it draws an empty box.
Is there an Alt code for the end of proof symbol?
∎ is in neither Alt code table. The black square ■ is Alt+254. Some apps, rich text editors in particular, read a code above 255 as a Unicode code point, and there Alt+8718 types ∎.
What does Q.E.D. stand for?
Quod erat demonstrandum, Latin for what was to be demonstrated. It translates a Greek phrase, shortened to ΟΕΔ, that Euclid and Archimedes used. Q.E.F., quod erat faciendum, closed a construction and not a proof.
All 14 end of proof signs and stand-ins
Start here 8
■Black squareU+25A0. The filled square that is printed where ∎ is not to hand. Alt+254.
▮Black vertical rectangleU+25AE. The upright tombstone. Unicode cross-refers it to the end of proof sign and also calls it histogram marker. ▮ in HTML.
∎End of proofU+220E. The sign that closes a proof, which Unicode also calls q.e.d.; tombstone and halmos are its other names. No named entity and in neither Alt code table. With the unicode-math package it is \QED.
QEDThe letters QEDMade of U+0051, U+0045 and U+0044. Short for quod erat demonstrandum, that which was to be demonstrated: how a proof closed before the box took over.
‣Triangular bulletU+2023. A small triangle that some authors set at the end of a proof. Unicode cross-refers it to U+220E.
//Two slashesMade of two U+002F. Some authors end a proof with two forward slashes, typed from the keyboard.
□White squareU+25A1. The hollow square, the form LaTeX's proof environment prints by default. \square needs amssymb; □ in HTML.
▯White vertical rectangleU+25AF. The upright form drawn hollow.
Show all 14 end of proof signs and stand-ins (6 more)
Letters and slashes 3
////Four slashesMade of four U+002F. The longer form of the same close.
ΟΕΔThe Greek letters ΟΕΔMade of U+039F, U+0395 and U+0394: omicron, epsilon, delta. Short for the Greek phrase that Q.E.D. translates.
QEFThe letters QEFMade of U+0051, U+0045 and U+0046. Short for quod erat faciendum, which had to be done: the close of a construction, not of a proof.
Not an end mark 3
☐Ballot boxU+2610. Not a proof sign: an empty box to tick, and a look-alike of the hollow square.
🪦HeadstoneU+1FAA6. Not the proof sign: the emoji of a grave marker, for a search that meant that kind of tombstone. Added in Unicode 13.0 (2020).
∴ThereforeU+2234. Not an end mark: it stands before a conclusion and is read therefore. \therefore needs amssymb.