Math Symbols Copy and Paste

Tap a sign to copy it: 160 math symbols in seven topics, from ≠ to ∴ and ∪.

≠Not equal toU+2260Ready to copy

174 math symbols. Tap any value to copy it.

174 math symbols. A character and its name both copy the character. A code copies the code.
Character	Name	Code point	Alt code	Option keys	HTML	LaTeX
	U+2260. An equals sign with a stroke through it. It is credited to Leonhard Euler, with no known year. Neither Alt code table holds it, so copying is the short way.
	U+00B1. Plus or minus: two answers at once, or the range of a measured quantity. William Oughtred used it in 1628.
	U+00D7. Read times. William Oughtred used it for multiplication in 1618. It also marks the cross product of two vectors and the Cartesian product of two sets.
	U+00F7. Also called the obelus. It first stood for division in 1659, credited to Johann Rahn, and is now rare in mathematics beyond school arithmetic.
	U+2248. The most common sign for approximately equal. Unicode's second name for it is asymptotic to.
	U+2264. At most. The sign is credited to John Wallis, 1670, and Pierre Bouguer, 1734.
	U+2265. At least. It is the partner of ≤ and is credited to the same two writers.
	U+221A. The radical sign, which Christoff Rudolff printed in 1525.
	U+221E. Read infinity. John Wallis introduced it in 1655. As the bound of a sum or an integral it means the computation is unlimited.
	U+03C0. The constant 3.14159. William Jones first used the letter that way in 1706.
	U+2234. Three dots in an upright triangle, read therefore and placed before a conclusion. Johann Rahn used it in his Teutsche Algebra of 1659. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+222A. The union of two sets: everything that is in A, in B or in both. Unicode also calls it cup. It is one of Giuseppe Peano's signs of the late 1880s.
	U+2213. Minus or plus. Paired with ±, it takes the opposite sign.
	U+2212. The minus sign proper, a different character from the hyphen-minus on a keyboard, U+002D. Johannes Widmann printed a minus in 1489.
	U+00B7. A raised dot. Gottfried Leibniz used one for multiplication in 1698. Unicode prefers U+22C5 for that job.
	U+22C5. The character Unicode prefers to the middle dot for multiplication. A dot between two vectors is their dot product.
	U+2217. The asterisk as an operator, a separate character from the keyboard asterisk, U+002A.
	U+2218. Function composition, as in f∘g. Unicode's second name for it is composite function.
	U+2044. Made for composing arbitrary fractions such as 5⁄8. Typographers call it the solidus.
	U+221B. The radical with a small 3, in one character. Albert Girard wrote an index on the root sign in 1629, and Michel Rolle's Traité d'algèbre of 1690 established it.
	U+221C. The radical with a small 4, in one character.
	U+00B2. Squared. The other raised digits start at U+2070.
	U+00B3. Cubed.
	U+207F. A raised n, for a power left open, as in xⁿ. Raised exponents go back to James Hume, 1636, and René Descartes, 1637.
	Made of U+207B and U+00B9. A raised minus, then a raised one. After a letter it reads inverse, as in f⁻¹.
	U+00BD. One half. Unicode calls a fraction in one character a vulgar fraction.
	U+00BC. One quarter.
	U+00BE. Three quarters. It has an Alt code with a zero, 0190, and none without.
	U+2153. One third, from the Number Forms block. No Alt code reaches it.
	U+2154. Two thirds.
	U+2030. Per thousand. Unicode's examples of its use are blood alcohol content and salinity.
	U+2236. As in 3∶2. Unicode prefers it to the keyboard colon for division and scale.
	U+2237. The four dots of a∶b∷c∶d. William Oughtred used it in 1628.
	U+2249. The negation of ≈.
	U+2245. In geometry, congruent. Elsewhere it may denote an isomorphism between two structures.
	U+2243. A tilde over a single bar.
	U+223C. Unicode lists similar to, varies with and not among its meanings. It is also the standard sign of an equivalence relation.
	U+2261. Three bars: an identity, a congruence modulo an integer, or logical equivalence. Carl Friedrich Gauss used it in 1801.
	U+2262. The negation of ≡.
	U+2A7D. A second shape of ≤, with the lower bar slanted. Added in Unicode 3.2 (2002). Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+2A7E. The slanted partner of ≥, added with ⩽ in Unicode 3.2. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+226A. Much less than, as in x ≪ 1.
	U+226B. Much greater than.
	U+226E. The negation of the less-than sign. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+226F. The negation of the greater-than sign. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+2270. The negation of ≤. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+2271. The negation of ≥. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+2272. A less-than sign over a tilde. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+2273. A greater-than sign over a tilde. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+227A. Often used for an order or a preorder. Unicode's second name for it is lower rank than.
	U+227B. The partner of ≺. Unicode's second name for it is higher rank than.
	U+221D. An abbreviation of is proportional to. William Emerson introduced it in 1768.
	U+2250. An equals sign with a dot above it.
	U+2252. Unicode's second name for it is nearly equals. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+225C. Unicode lists two meanings: equal to by definition, and equiangular. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+225D. One of the signs sometimes used for naming a mathematical object.
	U+225F. An equals sign under a question mark.
	U+2254. Sometimes used for naming a mathematical object, as in x ≔ 2.
	U+2223. m∣n says that m divides n evenly. Unicode also lists such that.
	U+2224. The negation of ∣. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+2229. What two sets share. Unicode also calls it cap. It has an Alt code, 239, and ∪ has none.
	U+22C3. The big union, set in front of a whole family of sets.
	U+22C2. The big intersection of a whole family of sets.
	U+2208. Set membership, read is in or belongs to. Another of Giuseppe Peano's signs.
	U+2209. Read is not in.
	U+220B. The reversed ∈, so S∋x says the same as x∈S. It is also an abbreviation of such that.
	U+220C. The negation of ∋.
	U+2282. Two definitions are common: some writers allow the two sets to be equal and some do not. Joseph Gergonne used the sign in 1817.
	U+2283. The converse of ⊂.
	U+2286. Used to stress that the two sets may be equal.
	U+2287. The converse of ⊆.
	U+2284. The negation of ⊂.
	U+2285. The negation of ⊃.
	U+2288. The negation of ⊆. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+2289. The negation of ⊇. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+228A. A proper subset: inside the other set and not equal to it. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+228B. A proper superset. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+2205. The set with nothing in it, also called the null set. André Weil chose the sign for the Bourbaki group in 1939. \emptyset in plain LaTeX, or \varnothing with the amssymb package.
	U+2216. A∖B is the set of the elements of A that are not in B.
	U+2201. With a subscript it denotes a set complement: what is in A and not in B. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+228E. A union cup with a plus inside. Z notation calls it bag addition.
	U+2294. Denotes the disjoint union.
	U+2115. The natural numbers, which start at 1 or sometimes at 0. Giuseppe Peano used the letter in 1895.
	U+2124. The integers. Edmund Landau used the letter in 1930.
	U+211A. The rational numbers, the fractions of two integers. Peano used the letter in 1895.
	U+211D. The real numbers.
	U+2102. The complex numbers. Nathan Jacobson used the letter in 1939.
	U+210D. The quaternions.
	U+2119. Its second HTML name, &primes;, points at the prime numbers.
	U+2135. With a subscript it names an infinite cardinal: ℵ₀ is the size of the natural numbers. Georg Cantor used it in 1893.
	U+2235. The triangle turned over, an abbreviation of because or since. Keeping ∴ for therefore and ∵ for because dates from the 19th century. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+2200. The universal quantifier. Gerhard Gentzen introduced it in 1935.
	U+2203. The existential quantifier. Giuseppe Peano used it in 1897.
	U+2204. The negation of ∃. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+00AC. Negation, read not.
	U+2227. The conjunction. Unicode also calls it wedge.
	U+2228. The disjunction, also called vee. Bertrand Russell used it in 1906.
	U+22BB. Exclusive disjunction: an or sign over a bar. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+22BC. Not and: an and sign under a bar. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+22BD. Not or: an or sign under a bar.
	U+22C0. The big and, over a whole family of statements. Unicode notes that it is also used for the universal quantifier.
	U+22C1. The big or. Unicode notes that it is also used for the existential quantifier.
	U+21D2. Read implies: the material conditional.
	U+21D4. Read is equivalent to, or if and only if. One of its HTML names is &iff;.
	U+22A2. The turnstile. Unicode lists proves, implies and yields.
	U+22A8. Unicode lists statement is true, is a tautology, satisfies and results in. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+22A4. Called top: the predicate that is always true.
	U+22A5. Called bottom: the predicate that is always false. Perpendicular has a character of its own, U+27C2.
	U+220E. The tombstone, which closes a proof where q.e.d. once stood. Paul Halmos used it in 1950.
	U+2211. The sum of many terms, with its limits written below and above. Leonhard Euler used it in 1755.
	U+220F. The product of many terms. Carl Friedrich Gauss used it in 1812.
	U+2210. The coproduct of a category, and the disjoint union of a family of sets.
	U+222B. Without limits it denotes an antiderivative, and with them a definite integral. Gottfried Leibniz wrote it in 1675.
	U+222C. Used for surface integrals.
	U+222D. Used for volume integrals.
	U+222E. A line integral round a closed curve, typical of physics. Arnold Sommerfeld used it in 1917.
	U+2202. The sign of a partial derivative, and of the boundary of a region. The Marquis de Condorcet used it in 1770.
	U+2207. Also called del: the gradient operator. William Rowan Hamilton introduced it in 1846.
	U+2206. A forward difference, and one notation for the Laplace operator. In set theory it is the symmetric difference. It is a separate character from the Greek capital delta, U+0394.
	U+2032. f′ is Lagrange's notation for a derivative. After a number it marks minutes, or feet.
	U+2192. f: A → B is a function from A to B, a form credited to Witold Hurewicz in 1940. Øystein Ore used the arrow for the image of an element in 1936.
	U+21A6. Read maps to. It defines a function without naming it, as in x ↦ x².
	U+211C. The real part of a complex number.
	U+2111. The imaginary part of a complex number.
	U+2113. The mathematical ell. It was also the traditional sign for the litre.
	U+2220. As in ∠ABC.
	U+2221. The angle sign with an arc across it. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+2222. Unicode's second name for it is angle arc. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+221F. An angle of 90 degrees. It has an Alt code, 28.
	U+22BF. A triangle with one right angle, in one character.
	U+25B3. The triangle of △ABC. It comes from the Geometric Shapes block, and LaTeX's \triangle prints it.
	U+25B1. The parallelogram of ▱ABCD. The unicode-math package names it \parallelogram.
	U+2225. Parallel lines, in elementary geometry.
	U+2226. Two lines that are not parallel. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+27C2. Also read orthogonal to. Added in Unicode 4.1 (2005). The older look-alike ⊥ is the up tack of logic.
	U+00B0. The number before it measures degrees of arc.
	U+2033. After a number it marks seconds, or inches.
	U+2300. A circle with a stroke through it. It is a different character from the empty set, ∅.
	U+2312. An arc over nothing. In Unicode's names list it is also the drawing mark for the position of any line.
	U+2295. The direct sum. For Boolean values it may denote exclusive or.
	U+2297. The tensor product.
	U+2296. Unicode lists symmetric difference as its meaning.
	U+2299. Unicode lists direct product, and a vector pointing out of the page.
	U+2A01. The big circled plus, for a direct sum over a whole family. Added in Unicode 3.2 (2002).
	U+2A02. The big circled times, for a tensor product over a whole family. Added in Unicode 3.2.
	U+2A2F. A cross product sign of its own, beside the everyday ×. Josiah Willard Gibbs set · and × for the two products of vectors in 1902.
	U+22C6. A small star as an operator. Unicode notes its use in the APL language.
	U+2240. G≀H is the wreath product of two groups.
	U+22B2. N⊲G says that N is a normal subgroup of the group G. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+22B3. The converse of ⊲. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
	U+27E8. A pair holds an inner product or, in physics, an expected value. Unicode also calls this one the bra. It is not the less-than sign.
	U+27E9. The closing bracket of the pair. Unicode also calls it the ket.
	U+2016. Used in pairs for a norm, as in ‖v‖.
	U+230A. A floor pair gives the greatest integer not greater than x. Kenneth Iverson introduced floor and ceiling brackets in 1962.
	U+230B. Closes the floor pair.
	U+2308. A ceiling pair gives the lowest integer not less than x.
	U+2309. Closes the ceiling pair.
	U+22EE. Three dots stacked in a column.
	U+22EF. Three dots at mid height.
	U+22F1. Three dots on a falling diagonal.
	U+0302. The hat itself, and hat is Unicode's other name for it. A combining mark: it sits over the character typed before it, which is how the made rows of this group are built. \hat{v} in LaTeX maths.
	U+00EE. i hat, one character. With ĵ and k̂ it names the unit vectors along the x, y and z axes. Alt+140 or Alt+0238 on a number pad, Compose ^ i, î in HTML, \hat{\imath} in LaTeX maths.
	U+0135. j hat, one character: the unit vector along the y axis. Compose ^ j, &jcirc; in HTML, \hat{\jmath} in LaTeX maths. No Alt code.
	Made of U+006B and U+0302. The unit vector along the z axis. Unicode has no k with a circumflex in one character, so this is k followed by the combining hat. \hat{k} in LaTeX maths.
	Made of U+0076 and U+0302. A lowercase letter with a hat is the usual way to write a unit vector, a vector of length 1, and it is read v hat. \hat{v} in LaTeX maths.
	Made of U+0078 and U+0302. The unit vector along the x axis, in the notation that uses x̂, ŷ and ẑ. \hat{x} in LaTeX maths.
	U+0177. y hat, one character. In statistics a hat marks an estimate, and ŷ is the value a fitted model predicts for y. Compose ^ y, &ycirc; in HTML, \hat{y} in LaTeX maths.
	Made of U+006E and U+0302. The unit vector normal to a surface or a plane. \hat{n} in LaTeX maths.
	Made of U+0072 and U+0302. The unit vector that points away from the origin, in the direction in which the radial distance grows. \hat{r} in LaTeX maths.
	Made of U+0070 and U+0302. An estimate of p, since a hat marks an estimated value in statistics. \hat{p} in LaTeX maths.
	Made of U+03B8 and U+0302. An estimate of the parameter θ in statistics, and the unit vector of the angle θ in spherical coordinates. \hat{\theta} in LaTeX maths.
	Made of U+03B2 and U+0302. An estimated coefficient of a regression, as in ŷ = β̂₀ + β̂₁x. \hat{\beta} in LaTeX maths.
	Made of U+03BC and U+0302. An estimate of μ, since a hat marks an estimated value in statistics. \hat{\mu} in LaTeX maths.
	Made of U+03C3 and U+0302. An estimate of σ, since a hat marks an estimated value in statistics. \hat{\sigma} in LaTeX maths.

Next step ±, ÷, ≈ and √ have Alt codes: see them all π next, formulas included

How it works

Here are 160 math symbols to copy and paste, one form of each sign, in seven topics. The first is ≠, not equal to, U+2260. The first twelve rows also hold ±, ×, ÷, ≈, ≤, ≥, √, ∞, π, ∴ and ∪.

Read the full guide

Seven topics, then letters with a hat

The signs are sorted into Arithmetic, Equals and compares, Sets, Logic and proof, Calculus and functions, Geometry, and Algebra and brackets. An eighth group holds 14 letters with a hat, from î, ĵ and k̂ for unit vectors to p̂ and β̂ for estimates. That makes 174 rows.

What the code columns hold

Each row lists whatever types its sign: 24 rows have an Alt code, 19 an Option key on the U.S. layout, 153 an HTML name and 127 a LaTeX macro. A note says so when the macro needs the amssymb package, as 28 do. ≠, ∴ and ∪ have no Alt code, so copy those.

Tips

The minus sign −, U+2212, is not the keyboard hyphen, and the increment ∆, U+2206, is not the Greek letter Δ.
⊥ is the up tack of logic. Perpendicular has a character of its own, ⟂, added in 2005.
÷ is rare beyond school arithmetic. Unicode prefers ∶ to the colon for a ratio, and ⋅ to the middle dot for multiplication.

Questions and answers

How do I type math symbols on a keyboard?

On Windows, hold Alt and type a code on the number pad: 241 gives ±, 246 ÷, 247 ≈, 251 √ and 236 ∞. On a Mac with the U.S. layout, Option with = gives ≠ and Option with V gives √.

How do I copy and paste the therefore symbol?

∴ is in the first twelve rows. It is U+2234, &there4; in HTML, and \therefore in LaTeX with the amssymb package. No Alt code types it. Johann Rahn printed it in 1659. The same triangle turned over, ∵, reads because.

How do I copy and paste the union symbol?

∪ is in the first twelve rows: ∪ in HTML, \cup in LaTeX, no Alt code. A ∪ B is everything in A, in B or in both: {1, 2} ∪ {2, 3} = {1, 2, 3}. Giuseppe Peano introduced it in the late 1880s.

Is there a j hat or v hat symbol to copy?

ĵ is one character, U+0135, &jcirc; in HTML. v̂ is not: its row is v followed by U+0302, the combining circumflex, which sits over the letter before it. In LaTeX, write \hat{v}.

All 174 math symbols

Start here 12

Almost equal to U+2248. The most common sign for approximately equal. Unicode's second name for it is asymptotic to.
Division sign U+00F7. Also called the obelus. It first stood for division in 1659, credited to Johann Rahn, and is now rare in mathematics beyond school arithmetic.
Greater-than or equal to U+2265. At least. It is the partner of ≤ and is credited to the same two writers.
Greek small letter pi U+03C0. The constant 3.14159. William Jones first used the letter that way in 1706.
Infinity U+221E. Read infinity. John Wallis introduced it in 1655. As the bound of a sum or an integral it means the computation is unlimited.
Less-than or equal to U+2264. At most. The sign is credited to John Wallis, 1670, and Pierre Bouguer, 1734.
Multiplication sign U+00D7. Read times. William Oughtred used it for multiplication in 1618. It also marks the cross product of two vectors and the Cartesian product of two sets.
Not equal to U+2260. An equals sign with a stroke through it. It is credited to Leonhard Euler, with no known year. Neither Alt code table holds it, so copying is the short way.
Plus-minus sign U+00B1. Plus or minus: two answers at once, or the range of a measured quantity. William Oughtred used it in 1628.
Square root U+221A. The radical sign, which Christoff Rudolff printed in 1525.
Therefore U+2234. Three dots in an upright triangle, read therefore and placed before a conclusion. Johann Rahn used it in his Teutsche Algebra of 1659. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Union U+222A. The union of two sets: everything that is in A, in B or in both. Unicode also calls it cup. It is one of Giuseppe Peano's signs of the late 1880s.

Show all 174 math symbols (162 more)

Arithmetic 21

Asterisk operator U+2217. The asterisk as an operator, a separate character from the keyboard asterisk, U+002A.
Cube root U+221B. The radical with a small 3, in one character. Albert Girard wrote an index on the root sign in 1629, and Michel Rolle's Traité d'algèbre of 1690 established it.
Dot operator U+22C5. The character Unicode prefers to the middle dot for multiplication. A dot between two vectors is their dot product.
Fourth root U+221C. The radical with a small 4, in one character.
Fraction slash U+2044. Made for composing arbitrary fractions such as 5⁄8. Typographers call it the solidus.
Inverse, superscript minus one Made of U+207B and U+00B9. A raised minus, then a raised one. After a letter it reads inverse, as in f⁻¹.
Middle dot U+00B7. A raised dot. Gottfried Leibniz used one for multiplication in 1698. Unicode prefers U+22C5 for that job.
Minus sign U+2212. The minus sign proper, a different character from the hyphen-minus on a keyboard, U+002D. Johannes Widmann printed a minus in 1489.
Minus-or-plus sign U+2213. Minus or plus. Paired with ±, it takes the opposite sign.
Per mille sign U+2030. Per thousand. Unicode's examples of its use are blood alcohol content and salinity.
Proportion U+2237. The four dots of a∶b∷c∶d. William Oughtred used it in 1628.
Ratio U+2236. As in 3∶2. Unicode prefers it to the keyboard colon for division and scale.
Ring operator U+2218. Function composition, as in f∘g. Unicode's second name for it is composite function.
Superscript Latin small letter n U+207F. A raised n, for a power left open, as in xⁿ. Raised exponents go back to James Hume, 1636, and René Descartes, 1637.
Superscript three U+00B3. Cubed.
Superscript two U+00B2. Squared. The other raised digits start at U+2070.
Vulgar fraction one half U+00BD. One half. Unicode calls a fraction in one character a vulgar fraction.
Vulgar fraction one quarter U+00BC. One quarter.
Vulgar fraction one third U+2153. One third, from the Number Forms block. No Alt code reaches it.
Vulgar fraction three quarters U+00BE. Three quarters. It has an Alt code with a zero, 0190, and none without.
Vulgar fraction two thirds U+2154. Two thirds.

Equals and compares 27

Approaches the limit U+2250. An equals sign with a dot above it.
Approximately equal to U+2245. In geometry, congruent. Elsewhere it may denote an isomorphism between two structures.
Approximately equal to or the image of U+2252. Unicode's second name for it is nearly equals. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Asymptotically equal to U+2243. A tilde over a single bar.
Colon equals U+2254. Sometimes used for naming a mathematical object, as in x ≔ 2.
Delta equal to U+225C. Unicode lists two meanings: equal to by definition, and equiangular. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Divides U+2223. m∣n says that m divides n evenly. Unicode also lists such that.
Does not divide U+2224. The negation of ∣. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Equal to by definition U+225D. One of the signs sometimes used for naming a mathematical object.
Greater-than or equivalent to U+2273. A greater-than sign over a tilde. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Greater-than or slanted equal to U+2A7E. The slanted partner of ≥, added with ⩽ in Unicode 3.2. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Identical to U+2261. Three bars: an identity, a congruence modulo an integer, or logical equivalence. Carl Friedrich Gauss used it in 1801.
Less-than or equivalent to U+2272. A less-than sign over a tilde. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Less-than or slanted equal to U+2A7D. A second shape of ≤, with the lower bar slanted. Added in Unicode 3.2 (2002). Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Much greater-than U+226B. Much greater than.
Much less-than U+226A. Much less than, as in x ≪ 1.
Neither greater-than nor equal to U+2271. The negation of ≥. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Neither less-than nor equal to U+2270. The negation of ≤. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Not almost equal to U+2249. The negation of ≈.
Not greater-than U+226F. The negation of the greater-than sign. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Not identical to U+2262. The negation of ≡.
Not less-than U+226E. The negation of the less-than sign. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Precedes U+227A. Often used for an order or a preorder. Unicode's second name for it is lower rank than.
Proportional to U+221D. An abbreviation of is proportional to. William Emerson introduced it in 1768.
Questioned equal to U+225F. An equals sign under a question mark.
Succeeds U+227B. The partner of ≺. Unicode's second name for it is higher rank than.
Tilde operator U+223C. Unicode lists similar to, varies with and not among its meanings. It is also the standard sign of an equivalence relation.

Sets 31

Alef symbol U+2135. With a subscript it names an infinite cardinal: ℵ₀ is the size of the natural numbers. Georg Cantor used it in 1893.
Complement U+2201. With a subscript it denotes a set complement: what is in A and not in B. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Contains as member U+220B. The reversed ∈, so S∋x says the same as x∈S. It is also an abbreviation of such that.
Does not contain as member U+220C. The negation of ∋.
Double-struck capital C U+2102. The complex numbers. Nathan Jacobson used the letter in 1939.
Double-struck capital H U+210D. The quaternions.
Double-struck capital N U+2115. The natural numbers, which start at 1 or sometimes at 0. Giuseppe Peano used the letter in 1895.
Double-struck capital P U+2119. Its second HTML name, &primes;, points at the prime numbers.
Double-struck capital Q U+211A. The rational numbers, the fractions of two integers. Peano used the letter in 1895.
Double-struck capital R U+211D. The real numbers.
Double-struck capital Z U+2124. The integers. Edmund Landau used the letter in 1930.
Element of U+2208. Set membership, read is in or belongs to. Another of Giuseppe Peano's signs.
Empty set U+2205. The set with nothing in it, also called the null set. André Weil chose the sign for the Bourbaki group in 1939. \emptyset in plain LaTeX, or \varnothing with the amssymb package.
Increment U+2206. A forward difference, and one notation for the Laplace operator. In set theory it is the symmetric difference. It is a separate character from the Greek capital delta, U+0394.
Intersection U+2229. What two sets share. Unicode also calls it cap. It has an Alt code, 239, and ∪ has none.
Multiset union U+228E. A union cup with a plus inside. Z notation calls it bag addition.
N-ary intersection U+22C2. The big intersection of a whole family of sets.
N-ary union U+22C3. The big union, set in front of a whole family of sets.
Neither A subset of nor equal to U+2288. The negation of ⊆. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Neither A superset of nor equal to U+2289. The negation of ⊇. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Not A subset of U+2284. The negation of ⊂.
Not A superset of U+2285. The negation of ⊃.
Not an element of U+2209. Read is not in.
Set minus U+2216. A∖B is the set of the elements of A that are not in B.
Square cup U+2294. Denotes the disjoint union.
Subset of U+2282. Two definitions are common: some writers allow the two sets to be equal and some do not. Joseph Gergonne used the sign in 1817.
Subset of or equal to U+2286. Used to stress that the two sets may be equal.
Subset of with not equal to U+228A. A proper subset: inside the other set and not equal to it. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Superset of U+2283. The converse of ⊂.
Superset of or equal to U+2287. The converse of ⊆.
Superset of with not equal to U+228B. A proper superset. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.

Logic and proof 19

Because U+2235. The triangle turned over, an abbreviation of because or since. Keeping ∴ for therefore and ∵ for because dates from the 19th century. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Down tack U+22A4. Called top: the predicate that is always true.
End of proof U+220E. The tombstone, which closes a proof where q.e.d. once stood. Paul Halmos used it in 1950.
For all U+2200. The universal quantifier. Gerhard Gentzen introduced it in 1935.
Left right double arrow U+21D4. Read is equivalent to, or if and only if. One of its HTML names is &iff;.
Logical and U+2227. The conjunction. Unicode also calls it wedge.
Logical or U+2228. The disjunction, also called vee. Bertrand Russell used it in 1906.
N-ary logical and U+22C0. The big and, over a whole family of statements. Unicode notes that it is also used for the universal quantifier.
N-ary logical or U+22C1. The big or. Unicode notes that it is also used for the existential quantifier.
NAND U+22BC. Not and: an and sign under a bar. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
NOR U+22BD. Not or: an or sign under a bar.
Not sign U+00AC. Negation, read not.
Right tack U+22A2. The turnstile. Unicode lists proves, implies and yields.
Rightwards double arrow U+21D2. Read implies: the material conditional.
There does not exist U+2204. The negation of ∃. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
There exists U+2203. The existential quantifier. Giuseppe Peano used it in 1897.
True U+22A8. Unicode lists statement is true, is a tautology, satisfies and results in. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Up tack U+22A5. Called bottom: the predicate that is always false. Perpendicular has a character of its own, U+27C2.
XOR U+22BB. Exclusive disjunction: an or sign over a bar. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.

Calculus and functions 15

Black-letter capital I U+2111. The imaginary part of a complex number.
Black-letter capital R U+211C. The real part of a complex number.
Contour integral U+222E. A line integral round a closed curve, typical of physics. Arnold Sommerfeld used it in 1917.
Double integral U+222C. Used for surface integrals.
Integral U+222B. Without limits it denotes an antiderivative, and with them a definite integral. Gottfried Leibniz wrote it in 1675.
N-ary coproduct U+2210. The coproduct of a category, and the disjoint union of a family of sets.
N-ary product U+220F. The product of many terms. Carl Friedrich Gauss used it in 1812.
N-ary summation U+2211. The sum of many terms, with its limits written below and above. Leonhard Euler used it in 1755.
Nabla U+2207. Also called del: the gradient operator. William Rowan Hamilton introduced it in 1846.
Partial differential U+2202. The sign of a partial derivative, and of the boundary of a region. The Marquis de Condorcet used it in 1770.
Prime U+2032. f′ is Lagrange's notation for a derivative. After a number it marks minutes, or feet.
Rightwards arrow U+2192. f: A → B is a function from A to B, a form credited to Witold Hurewicz in 1940. Øystein Ore used the arrow for the image of an element in 1936.
Rightwards arrow from bar U+21A6. Read maps to. It defines a function without naming it, as in x ↦ x².
Script small l U+2113. The mathematical ell. It was also the traditional sign for the litre.
Triple integral U+222D. Used for volume integrals.

Geometry 14

Angle U+2220. As in ∠ABC.
Arc U+2312. An arc over nothing. In Unicode's names list it is also the drawing mark for the position of any line.
Degree sign U+00B0. The number before it measures degrees of arc.
Diameter sign U+2300. A circle with a stroke through it. It is a different character from the empty set, ∅.
Double prime U+2033. After a number it marks seconds, or inches.
Measured angle U+2221. The angle sign with an arc across it. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Not parallel to U+2226. Two lines that are not parallel. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Parallel to U+2225. Parallel lines, in elementary geometry.
Perpendicular U+27C2. Also read orthogonal to. Added in Unicode 4.1 (2005). The older look-alike ⊥ is the up tack of logic.
Right angle U+221F. An angle of 90 degrees. It has an Alt code, 28.
Right triangle U+22BF. A triangle with one right angle, in one character.
Spherical angle U+2222. Unicode's second name for it is angle arc. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
White parallelogram U+25B1. The parallelogram of ▱ABCD. The unicode-math package names it \parallelogram.
White up-pointing triangle U+25B3. The triangle of △ABC. It comes from the Geometric Shapes block, and LaTeX's \triangle prints it.

Algebra and brackets 21

Circled dot operator U+2299. Unicode lists direct product, and a vector pointing out of the page.
Circled minus U+2296. Unicode lists symmetric difference as its meaning.
Circled plus U+2295. The direct sum. For Boolean values it may denote exclusive or.
Circled times U+2297. The tensor product.
Contains as normal subgroup U+22B3. The converse of ⊲. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Double vertical line U+2016. Used in pairs for a norm, as in ‖v‖.
Down right diagonal ellipsis U+22F1. Three dots on a falling diagonal.
Left ceiling U+2308. A ceiling pair gives the lowest integer not less than x.
Left floor U+230A. A floor pair gives the greatest integer not greater than x. Kenneth Iverson introduced floor and ceiling brackets in 1962.
Mathematical left angle bracket U+27E8. A pair holds an inner product or, in physics, an expected value. Unicode also calls this one the bra. It is not the less-than sign.
Mathematical right angle bracket U+27E9. The closing bracket of the pair. Unicode also calls it the ket.
Midline horizontal ellipsis U+22EF. Three dots at mid height.
N-ary circled plus operator U+2A01. The big circled plus, for a direct sum over a whole family. Added in Unicode 3.2 (2002).
N-ary circled times operator U+2A02. The big circled times, for a tensor product over a whole family. Added in Unicode 3.2.
Normal subgroup of U+22B2. N⊲G says that N is a normal subgroup of the group G. Its LaTeX macro needs the amssymb package.
Right ceiling U+2309. Closes the ceiling pair.
Right floor U+230B. Closes the floor pair.
Star operator U+22C6. A small star as an operator. Unicode notes its use in the APL language.
Vector or cross product U+2A2F. A cross product sign of its own, beside the everyday ×. Josiah Willard Gibbs set · and × for the two products of vectors in 1902.
Vertical ellipsis U+22EE. Three dots stacked in a column.
Wreath product U+2240. G≀H is the wreath product of two groups.

Letters with a hat 14

Beta hat Made of U+03B2 and U+0302. An estimated coefficient of a regression, as in ŷ = β̂₀ + β̂₁x. \hat{\beta} in LaTeX maths.
Combining circumflex accent U+0302. The hat itself, and hat is Unicode's other name for it. A combining mark: it sits over the character typed before it, which is how the made rows of this group are built. \hat{v} in LaTeX maths.
k hat Made of U+006B and U+0302. The unit vector along the z axis. Unicode has no k with a circumflex in one character, so this is k followed by the combining hat. \hat{k} in LaTeX maths.
Latin small letter i with circumflex U+00EE. i hat, one character. With ĵ and k̂ it names the unit vectors along the x, y and z axes. Alt+140 or Alt+0238 on a number pad, Compose ^ i, î in HTML, \hat{\imath} in LaTeX maths.
Latin small letter j with circumflex U+0135. j hat, one character: the unit vector along the y axis. Compose ^ j, &jcirc; in HTML, \hat{\jmath} in LaTeX maths. No Alt code.
Latin small letter y with circumflex U+0177. y hat, one character. In statistics a hat marks an estimate, and ŷ is the value a fitted model predicts for y. Compose ^ y, &ycirc; in HTML, \hat{y} in LaTeX maths.
Mu hat Made of U+03BC and U+0302. An estimate of μ, since a hat marks an estimated value in statistics. \hat{\mu} in LaTeX maths.
n hat Made of U+006E and U+0302. The unit vector normal to a surface or a plane. \hat{n} in LaTeX maths.
p hat Made of U+0070 and U+0302. An estimate of p, since a hat marks an estimated value in statistics. \hat{p} in LaTeX maths.
r hat Made of U+0072 and U+0302. The unit vector that points away from the origin, in the direction in which the radial distance grows. \hat{r} in LaTeX maths.
Sigma hat Made of U+03C3 and U+0302. An estimate of σ, since a hat marks an estimated value in statistics. \hat{\sigma} in LaTeX maths.
Theta hat Made of U+03B8 and U+0302. An estimate of the parameter θ in statistics, and the unit vector of the angle θ in spherical coordinates. \hat{\theta} in LaTeX maths.
v hat Made of U+0076 and U+0302. A lowercase letter with a hat is the usual way to write a unit vector, a vector of length 1, and it is read v hat. \hat{v} in LaTeX maths.
x hat Made of U+0078 and U+0302. The unit vector along the x axis, in the notation that uses x̂, ŷ and ẑ. \hat{x} in LaTeX maths.

How this list was compiled: Names, and the code points they belong to, are checked against UnicodeData.txt, version 18.0.0 (https://www.unicode.org/Public/18.0.0/ucd/UnicodeData.txt), and printed in sentence case. Second names and usage notes (obelus, cup, cap, null set, turnstile, top, bottom, bra, ket, composite function, solidus, which of two characters Unicode prefers, the cross-reference from the up tack to U+27C2) are from NamesList.txt of the same version (https://www.unicode.org/Public/18.0.0/ucd/NamesList.txt); the version a character was added in is from DerivedAge.txt (https://www.unicode.org/Public/18.0.0/ucd/DerivedAge.txt), and the years of those versions are from https://www.unicode.org/history/publicationdates.html. Alt codes are from the code page 437 table (https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/PC/CP437.TXT), the PC graphics table for 1 to 31 (https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MISC/IBMGRAPH.TXT) and the code page 1252 table (https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1252.TXT); none of the three holds U+2260 or U+222A. Option keys were read from a U.S. keyboard layout. HTML entity names are from https://html.spec.whatwg.org/entities.json, the HTML 4 name first where there is one, else the shortest. LaTeX macros are listed only when LaTeX's own fontdef.dtx (https://raw.githubusercontent.com/latex3/latex2e/develop/base/fontdef.dtx), the kernel's text commands or the amssymb package (https://mirrors.ctan.org/fonts/amsfonts/source/amssymb.dtx) define them, matched to a code point through unicode-math-table.tex (https://github.com/latex3/unicode-math); a note says so when a macro needs amssymb. Who first used a sign, and when, is from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_mathematical_symbols_by_introduction_date. Where that table and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_%28set_theory%29 disagree by a year on Peano's signs (1888 against 1889), the note says the late 1880s and gives no year for the membership sign. What a sign denotes is from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols. The therefore and because signs (Rahn's Teutsche Algebra of 1659, the two orientations kept apart only from the 19th century) are from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therefore_sign. What is listed: one form of each common sign of arithmetic, comparison, sets, logic, calculus, geometry and algebra, 159 single characters and one string of this site's own. Left out: the signs on every keyboard (+, =, <, >, %, the brackets), styled and size variants of a sign already listed, the other Greek letters, and the many forms of the root, integral, angle, infinity and pi signs, which have pages of their own. The Start here group, the grouping and the order are this site's own choice. All sources were checked on 2026-09-19. The nth root notation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Rolle, checked 2026-09-20. The group Letters with a hat: î, ĵ and ŷ are single characters of UnicodeData.txt and the other rows are a letter followed by U+0302, whose NamesList alias is hat; v hat as the way to write a unit vector, the hat as the mark of an estimate, and the regression example are from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat_notation; î, ĵ, k̂, x̂, the normal n̂, the radial r̂ and the angular θ̂ are from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_vector; \hat, \imath and \jmath are declared in fontdef.dtx. Read on 2026-09-20. Licence: own work (facts from the Unicode Character Database, Unicode License v3, and from Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0, restated in our own words; aliases and notes marked as Unicode's are quoted from NamesList.txt, Copyright © 1991-2026 Unicode, Inc., https://www.unicode.org/license.txt)