Statistics Alt Codes

Copy σ, μ, χ² or a whole x bar, and read off the Alt code where a symbol has one.

σGreek small letter sigmaU+03C3Ready to copy

47 symbols and notations. Tap any value to copy it.

47 symbols and notations. A character and its name both copy the character. A code copies the code.
Character	Name	Code point	Alt code	Option keys	HTML	LaTeX
	U+03C3. A population's standard deviation. The sample's is written s. Alt+229 on a number pad, σ in HTML and \sigma in LaTeX.
	U+0073. The standard deviation of a sample, the partner of σ. A plain letter s.
	U+03BC. The mean of a population. Neither Alt code table holds it; the code people use for it types µ, the micro sign in the next row. μ in HTML and \mu in LaTeX.
	U+00B5. The micro sign, which Unicode treats as a form of the Greek mu and which looks the same. Alt+230 or Alt+0181, Option+M and µ in HTML.
	Made of x and U+0304, the combining macron. The mean of a sample, read x bar; the population's is μ. \bar over x in LaTeX.
	Made of p and U+0302, the combining circumflex. The proportion of a sample: successes over sample size. The population's is written P or π. \hat over p in LaTeX.
	U+03A3. The letter a sum is written with: Σx is every value of x added together. Alt+228, Σ in HTML and \Sigma in LaTeX.
	Made of s and U+00B2, superscript two. The variance of a sample, the square of its standard deviation.
	Made of U+03C3 and U+00B2, superscript two. The variance of a population, read sigma squared. The variance of random variable X is also written Var(X).
	U+0072. The correlation coefficient of a sample. A plain letter r.
	U+03C1. The correlation coefficient of a population, the partner of r. ρ in HTML and \rho in LaTeX.
	U+006E. The size of a sample. One handbook writes a capital N for it; elsewhere N is the size of the population.
	Made of H and U+2080, subscript zero. The default hypothesis, which a test rejects when the data are very unlikely under it.
	Made of H and U+2081, subscript one. The null hypothesis negated.
	Made of H and U+2090, a subscript a: the alternative hypothesis as some handbooks letter it.
	U+03B1. The significance level of a test: the probability of rejecting a null hypothesis that is true. Alt+224, α in HTML and \alpha in LaTeX.
	U+03B2. The probability of a false negative, a type II error. In regression, the coefficients are β₀ and β₁. β in HTML and \beta in LaTeX.
	Made of 1, the minus sign U+2212 and U+03B1. The confidence coefficient of an interval, where α is the significance level.
	Made of U+03C7, the Greek letter chi, and U+00B2. The name of a test used on contingency tables. \chi in LaTeX, with ^2 after it.
	U+03BD. Degrees of freedom, also abbreviated df. ν in HTML and \nu in LaTeX.
	Made of U+03BC and U+2080, subscript zero. The specific value that a test asks whether the population mean has.
	U+2260. Not equal to, the sign of a two-sided alternative. Option+=, ≠ in HTML and \ne in LaTeX.
	U+2264. Less than or equal to: a result is statistically significant when p ≤ α. Alt+243, Option with the comma key, ≤ in HTML and \leq in LaTeX.
	U+2265. Greater than or equal to. Alt+242, Option with the full stop key, ≥ in HTML and \geq in LaTeX.
	Made of P and A in brackets. The probability of the event A, also written Pr(A).
	Made of A, U+2229 and B. P(A∩B) is the probability that the events A and B both occur.
	Made of A, U+222A and B. P(A∪B) is the probability that A occurs, or B, or both.
	Made of A, the vertical line U+007C and B. P(A\|B) is the conditional probability: the probability of A given B.
	U+2229. The intersection sign, read and between two events. Alt+239, ∩ in HTML and \cap in LaTeX.
	U+222A. The union sign, read or between two events. ∪ in HTML and \cup in LaTeX.
	Made of E and X in brackets. The expected value of the random variable X, also written E[X].
	U+223C. Read has the probability distribution of: X ∼ N(0,1) says that X is standard normal. &sim; in HTML and \sim in LaTeX.
	U+2AEB. Unicode's notes: independence, probability theory. X ⫫ Y says that X is independent of Y; a single ⊥ is written for it as well. &Vbar; in HTML.
	Made of n and an exclamation mark, U+0021. The first n positive integers, multiplied.
	U+2211. Unicode's summation sign, a character apart from the letter Σ. Option+W, ∑ in HTML and \sum in LaTeX.
	U+00B1. Plus or minus: the range a quantity may have, as in the limits of a confidence interval. Alt+241 or Alt+0177, Option+Shift+=, ± in HTML and \pm in LaTeX.
	U+221A. The variance's square root is the standard deviation. Alt+251, Option+V and √ in HTML.
	Made of x and U+0303, the combining tilde. One way to write the median, which has no standard notation. \tilde over x in LaTeX.
	Made of Q and U+2081, subscript one. The 25th percentile, also called the lower quartile.
	Made of Q and U+2083, subscript three. The 75th percentile, also called the upper quartile.
	Made of the letters I, Q and R. The third quartile minus the first.
	U+0177. y hat as one character: the value of y that an estimated model gives. &ycirc; in HTML.
	Made of b and U+0302, the combining circumflex, which Unicode also calls hat. A hat marks an estimate, so this is an estimated b. \hat over b in LaTeX.
	Made of U+03B2 and U+2080, subscript zero. The constant term of the model y = β₀ + β₁x + ε.
	Made of U+03B2 and U+2081, subscript one. The coefficient of x in the model y = β₀ + β₁x + ε.
	U+03B5. The error term of a model, a quantity that cannot be observed; its estimate is the residual. Alt+238, ε in HTML and \varepsilon in LaTeX.
	Made of R and U+00B2, superscript two. R squared: the share of the dependent variable's variation that the model predicts. Also written r².

Next step The whole Greek alphabet, α to ω

How it works

Statistics Alt codes are few: σ is Alt+229, Σ Alt+228, α Alt+224, ± Alt+241 and √ Alt+251. Alt+230 types µ, the micro sign that passes for μ. Copy and paste stats symbols like x bar and p hat, which have none.

Read the full guide

Sample and population, in pairs

In this list a sample statistic takes a Latin letter and the population parameter it estimates a Greek one: x bar and μ for the mean, s and σ for the standard deviation, s² and σ² for the variance, r and ρ for correlation. A hat marks an estimate, so p hat is a sample proportion.

x bar and p hat on a keyboard

x bar and p hat are not single characters, so no keyboard, math or statistics, has one code for either. Each is a letter followed by a combining mark: U+0304 for the bar, U+0302 for the hat. In some programs, typing x, then 0304, then Alt and X builds the x bar where the cursor is.

H₀, H₁, β₀ and Q₁ use the subscript digits U+2080 and U+2081, which are in neither Alt code table.
On paper the table is a black and white sheet of statistical symbols, with the Alt codes in a column of their own.

Questions and answers

What are the keyboard shortcuts for statistics symbols?

The Alt codes above are typed on a number pad; ε is Alt+238, ∩ Alt+239, ≤ Alt+243, ≥ Alt+242 and the ² of σ² Alt+253 besides. With the Option key: ∑ is Option+W, µ Option+M, √ Option+V, ≠ Option+= and ± Option+Shift+=.

What is the Alt code for b hat in statistics?

b hat is in neither Alt code table. It is b followed by U+0302, the combining circumflex: copy it from the Regression rows. Typing 0302, then Alt and X, can fail here, because the b may be read as part of the code.

What do the probability symbols of finite math and statistics mean?

P(A) is the probability of the event A. P(A∩B) is the probability that A and B both occur, P(A∪B) that A or B or both occur, and P(A|B) the probability of A given B. X ∼ N(0,1) says X is standard normal.

Which math symbols are used in statistics tests?

H₀ is the null hypothesis and H₁ or Hₐ the alternative. α is the significance level, β the probability of a type II error, ν the degrees of freedom and χ² the chi-squared test. A result is significant when p ≤ α.

All 47 symbols and notations

Start here 7

Greek capital letter sigma U+03A3. The letter a sum is written with: Σx is every value of x added together. Alt+228, Σ in HTML and \Sigma in LaTeX.
Greek small letter mu U+03BC. The mean of a population. Neither Alt code table holds it; the code people use for it types µ, the micro sign in the next row. μ in HTML and \mu in LaTeX.
Greek small letter sigma U+03C3. A population's standard deviation. The sample's is written s. Alt+229 on a number pad, σ in HTML and \sigma in LaTeX.
Latin small letter s U+0073. The standard deviation of a sample, the partner of σ. A plain letter s.
Micro sign U+00B5. The micro sign, which Unicode treats as a form of the Greek mu and which looks the same. Alt+230 or Alt+0181, Option+M and µ in HTML.
p hat Made of p and U+0302, the combining circumflex. The proportion of a sample: successes over sample size. The population's is written P or π. \hat over p in LaTeX.
x bar Made of x and U+0304, the combining macron. The mean of a sample, read x bar; the population's is μ. \bar over x in LaTeX.

Show all 47 symbols and notations (40 more)

Sample and population 5

Greek small letter rho U+03C1. The correlation coefficient of a population, the partner of r. ρ in HTML and \rho in LaTeX.
Latin small letter n U+006E. The size of a sample. One handbook writes a capital N for it; elsewhere N is the size of the population.
Latin small letter r U+0072. The correlation coefficient of a sample. A plain letter r.
Population variance Made of U+03C3 and U+00B2, superscript two. The variance of a population, read sigma squared. The variance of random variable X is also written Var(X).
Sample variance Made of s and U+00B2, superscript two. The variance of a sample, the square of its standard deviation.

Tests 12

Alternative hypothesis Made of H and U+2081, subscript one. The null hypothesis negated.
Alternative hypothesis, with an a Made of H and U+2090, a subscript a: the alternative hypothesis as some handbooks letter it.
Chi squared Made of U+03C7, the Greek letter chi, and U+00B2. The name of a test used on contingency tables. \chi in LaTeX, with ^2 after it.
Confidence coefficient Made of 1, the minus sign U+2212 and U+03B1. The confidence coefficient of an interval, where α is the significance level.
Greater-than or equal to U+2265. Greater than or equal to. Alt+242, Option with the full stop key, ≥ in HTML and \geq in LaTeX.
Greek small letter alpha U+03B1. The significance level of a test: the probability of rejecting a null hypothesis that is true. Alt+224, α in HTML and \alpha in LaTeX.
Greek small letter beta U+03B2. The probability of a false negative, a type II error. In regression, the coefficients are β₀ and β₁. β in HTML and \beta in LaTeX.
Greek small letter nu U+03BD. Degrees of freedom, also abbreviated df. ν in HTML and \nu in LaTeX.
Less-than or equal to U+2264. Less than or equal to: a result is statistically significant when p ≤ α. Alt+243, Option with the comma key, ≤ in HTML and \leq in LaTeX.
Mean under the null hypothesis Made of U+03BC and U+2080, subscript zero. The specific value that a test asks whether the population mean has.
Not equal to U+2260. Not equal to, the sign of a two-sided alternative. Option+=, ≠ in HTML and \ne in LaTeX.
Null hypothesis Made of H and U+2080, subscript zero. The default hypothesis, which a test rejects when the data are very unlikely under it.

Probability 10

A and B Made of A, U+2229 and B. P(A∩B) is the probability that the events A and B both occur.
A given B Made of A, the vertical line U+007C and B. P(A|B) is the conditional probability: the probability of A given B.
A or B Made of A, U+222A and B. P(A∪B) is the probability that A occurs, or B, or both.
Double up tack U+2AEB. Unicode's notes: independence, probability theory. X ⫫ Y says that X is independent of Y; a single ⊥ is written for it as well. &Vbar; in HTML.
Expected value of X Made of E and X in brackets. The expected value of the random variable X, also written E[X].
Intersection U+2229. The intersection sign, read and between two events. Alt+239, ∩ in HTML and \cap in LaTeX.
n factorial Made of n and an exclamation mark, U+0021. The first n positive integers, multiplied.
Probability of A Made of P and A in brackets. The probability of the event A, also written Pr(A).
Tilde operator U+223C. Read has the probability distribution of: X ∼ N(0,1) says that X is standard normal. &sim; in HTML and \sim in LaTeX.
Union U+222A. The union sign, read or between two events. ∪ in HTML and \cup in LaTeX.

Sums and spread 7

First quartile Made of Q and U+2081, subscript one. The 25th percentile, also called the lower quartile.
Interquartile range Made of the letters I, Q and R. The third quartile minus the first.
N-ary summation U+2211. Unicode's summation sign, a character apart from the letter Σ. Option+W, ∑ in HTML and \sum in LaTeX.
Plus-minus sign U+00B1. Plus or minus: the range a quantity may have, as in the limits of a confidence interval. Alt+241 or Alt+0177, Option+Shift+=, ± in HTML and \pm in LaTeX.
Square root U+221A. The variance's square root is the standard deviation. Alt+251, Option+V and √ in HTML.
Third quartile Made of Q and U+2083, subscript three. The 75th percentile, also called the upper quartile.
x tilde Made of x and U+0303, the combining tilde. One way to write the median, which has no standard notation. \tilde over x in LaTeX.

Regression 6

b hat Made of b and U+0302, the combining circumflex, which Unicode also calls hat. A hat marks an estimate, so this is an estimated b. \hat over b in LaTeX.
Beta nought Made of U+03B2 and U+2080, subscript zero. The constant term of the model y = β₀ + β₁x + ε.
Beta one Made of U+03B2 and U+2081, subscript one. The coefficient of x in the model y = β₀ + β₁x + ε.
Coefficient of determination Made of R and U+00B2, superscript two. R squared: the share of the dependent variable's variation that the model predicts. Also written r².
Greek small letter epsilon U+03B5. The error term of a model, a quantity that cannot be observed; its estimate is the residual. Alt+238, ε in HTML and \varepsilon in LaTeX.
Latin small letter y with circumflex U+0177. y hat as one character: the value of y that an estimated model gives. &ycirc; in HTML.

How this list was compiled: Names, and the code points they belong to, are checked against UnicodeData.txt, version 18.0.0 (https://www.unicode.org/Public/18.0.0/ucd/UnicodeData.txt), and printed in sentence case. Notes that begin Unicode's note, and the other names Unicode gives a character, quote NamesList.txt of the same version (https://www.unicode.org/Public/18.0.0/ucd/NamesList.txt). Alt codes are from the code page 437 table (https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/PC/CP437.TXT) and the code page 1252 table (https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1252.TXT); a character in neither has no Alt code here. That some apps, rich text editors in particular, read an Alt code from 256 to 65,535 as a Unicode code point: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_code. Option keys are those of the U.S. keyboard layout as CLDR records it (https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/release-42/keyboards/osx/en-t-k0-osx.xml). HTML entity names are from https://html.spec.whatwg.org/entities.json. LaTeX macros are listed only when LaTeX's own fontdef.dtx (https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/tree/develop/base) or the amssymb source (https://ctan.org/pkg/amsfonts) defines them, matched to a code point through unicode-math-table.tex (https://github.com/latex3/unicode-math); a note says so when a macro needs amssymb. Which letter stands for which quantity: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation_in_probability_and_statistics, and the NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, a United States government work (https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda351.htm, eda352.htm, eda353.htm and eda356.htm, and https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section1/prc131.htm). Single quantities: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_proportion, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_correlation_coefficient, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_test, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_test, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartile, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interquartile_range, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_determination, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat_notation and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols. That some programs turn a typed code into its character with Alt and X: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_input. What is listed: the notation of a first course in statistics, one form of each. Left out: the other forms of μ, σ, χ and the bar, which have pages of their own, and formulas that take more than one line. The Start here group, the made rows, the grouping and the order are this site's own choice. A use that no source above records is not given. All sources were read on 2026-10-09. Licence: own work (facts from the Unicode Character Database, Unicode License v3, from Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0, and from the NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, a United States government work, restated in this site's own words; aliases and notes marked as Unicode's are quoted from NamesList.txt, Copyright © 1991-2026 Unicode, Inc., https://www.unicode.org/license.txt)