Subscript Generator

Type a formula and get its numbers lowered, or tap a ready one: H₂O, CO₂, xₙ and 59 more.

Subscript Generator

Sample. Type or paste your own to replace it.

Numbers only 24 characters

H₂O is water, CO₂ is not

Stayed plain: H O i s w a t e r C n o. This set has no character for them.

Same text, other sets

  • Whole line 24 charactersₕ₂ₒ ᵢₛ wₐₜₑᵣ, Cₒ₂ ᵢₛ ₙₒₜSmall letters only, so a capital becomes its small letter.Stayed plain: w C. This set has no character for them.

More options

Use these for fun, not for anything that matters. Screen readers read many of these characters badly or skip them, search cannot find them, and some apps strip them or show empty boxes.

All 136 characters and formulas: tap one to copy it

136 characters and formulas in 9 groups.

With a keyboard: Tab goes into the table once, the arrow keys move inside it, and Enter copies.

Numbers 10

Chemical formulas 50

Maths indices 12

Signs and brackets 5

Latin letters 18

Greek letters 5

Added in Unicode 18.0 4

Cyrillic letters 26

No subscript form 6

Next step Raise a number instead, as in x²Copy a maths sign to go with it

How it works

This subscript generator lowers the numbers in a formula, so H2O comes back as H₂O, or lowers a whole line. Its 130 characters and formulas paste as text, not formatting. Some apps strip or block these characters, and screen readers may read them badly.

Read the full guide

Numbers on top, the whole line below

The large card, Numbers only, lowers every digit and leaves the letters alone: Fe2O3 becomes Fe₂O₃. Whole line, below it, lowers every letter and sign that has a subscript. For a maths index, type only what goes below the line: n+1 gives ₙ₊₁.

62 formulas and indices, ready to tap

The table keeps 50 chemical formulas and 12 maths indices, from H₂O to aₙ₊₁. Type h2o in Find a character or formula, then tap the tile to copy it. The table also holds all 68 subscripts in Unicode. Whole line turns a capital into its small letter and leaves a letter with no subscript plain.

Tips
  • Numbers only lowers every digit, even one in front: 2H2O comes back as ₂H₂O. Convert H2O alone and type the 2 in yourself.
  • A typed hyphen becomes U+208B Subscript minus, so n-1 gives ₙ₋₁. Unicode defines that character as the lowered form of the minus sign, U+2212.

Questions and answers

How do I type a subscript 2?

Type 2 in the box and copy it from Numbers only, or tap ₂ in the table. It is U+2082 Subscript two, one character.

How do I copy H₂O or CO₂ with the small 2?

Tap the H₂O or CO₂ tile under Chemical formulas in the table. Each is three characters: two plain letters and U+2082 Subscript two. A longer formula, such as H2SO4, goes in Your text.

Why are some subscript letters missing?

Unicode added lowered letters a few at a time, mostly for phonetic writing, never as an alphabet. Its code chart files h, k, l, m, n, p, s and t under the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. No subscript b, c, d, f, g or q exists.

Should I use these characters or subscript formatting?

Where formatting exists, use it. A W3C note recommends style markup for subscripts in mathematics, because markup can lower a whole expression, and the HTML sub element lowers any character. These characters are for plain text boxes that have no formatting.

Why does a subscript show as an empty box?

The reader's font has no shape for that character. The newest here are subscript w, y, z and the Latin gamma, from Unicode 18.0 of September 2026, then the 26 Cyrillic letters of September 2022. The digits and five signs date from 1993.

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All 136 characters and formulas

Numbers 10

  • Subscript eight U+2088. The 8 of C₈H₁₈, octane, which takes it twice.
  • Subscript five U+2085. The 5 of C₂H₅OH, ethanol.
  • Subscript four U+2084. The 4 of CH₄, methane, and H₂SO₄, sulfuric acid.
  • Subscript nine U+2089. The 9 of C₉H₂₀, nonane.
  • Subscript one U+2081. The 1 of x₁, and of C₁₀H₈, naphthalene.
  • Subscript seven U+2087. The 7 of C₇H₈, toluene.
  • Subscript six U+2086. The 6 of C₆H₆, benzene. Glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆, takes it twice.
  • Subscript three U+2083. The 3 of NH₃, ammonia, and O₃, ozone.
  • Subscript two U+2082. The 2 of H₂O, water, and CO₂, carbon dioxide.
  • Subscript zero U+2080. The 0 of C₁₀H₂₂, decane. All ten digits have been in Unicode since version 1.1, June 1993.
Show all 136 characters and formulas (126 more)

Chemical formulas 50

  • Acetylene U+0043 U+2082 U+0048 U+2082. Typed plain it is C2H2: 2 of its 4 characters are lowered.
  • Ammonia U+004E U+0048 U+2083. Typed plain it is NH3: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Benzene U+0043 U+2086 U+0048 U+2086. Typed plain it is C6H6: 2 of its 4 characters are lowered.
  • Boron trifluoride U+0042 U+0046 U+2083. Typed plain it is BF3: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Bromine U+0042 U+0072 U+2082. Typed plain it is Br2: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Calcium fluoride U+0043 U+0061 U+0046 U+2082. Typed plain it is CaF2: 1 of its 4 characters is lowered. The glossary also lists it as fluorite.
  • Carbon dioxide U+0043 U+004F U+2082. Typed plain it is CO2: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered. The second formula of the sample line in the box.
  • Carbon disulfide U+0043 U+0053 U+2082. Typed plain it is CS2: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Carbon tetrachloride U+0043 U+0043 U+006C U+2084. Typed plain it is CCl4: 1 of its 4 characters is lowered. The glossary also lists it as tetrachloromethane.
  • Chlorine U+0043 U+006C U+2082. Typed plain it is Cl2: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Chlorine dioxide U+0043 U+006C U+004F U+2082. Typed plain it is ClO2: 1 of its 4 characters is lowered.
  • Diborane U+0042 U+2082 U+0048 U+2086. Typed plain it is B2H6: 2 of its 4 characters are lowered.
  • Diboron trioxide U+0042 U+2082 U+004F U+2083. Typed plain it is B2O3: 2 of its 4 characters are lowered.
  • Dinitrogen tetroxide U+004E U+2082 U+004F U+2084. Typed plain it is N2O4: 2 of its 4 characters are lowered.
  • Dioxygen U+004F U+2082. Typed plain it is O2: 1 of its 2 characters is lowered. The glossary files the O2 molecule under this name.
  • Ethane U+0043 U+2082 U+0048 U+2086. Typed plain it is C2H6: 2 of its 4 characters are lowered.
  • Ethylene U+0043 U+2082 U+0048 U+2084. Typed plain it is C2H4: 2 of its 4 characters are lowered.
  • Fluorine U+0046 U+2082. Typed plain it is F2: 1 of its 2 characters is lowered.
  • Heavy water U+0044 U+2082 U+004F. Typed plain it is D2O: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Hydrazine U+004E U+2082 U+0048 U+2084. Typed plain it is N2H4: 2 of its 4 characters are lowered.
  • Hydrogen U+0048 U+2082. Typed plain it is H2: 1 of its 2 characters is lowered.
  • Hydrogen peroxide U+0048 U+2082 U+004F U+2082. Typed plain it is H2O2: 2 of its 4 characters are lowered. Both digits are the same character, U+2082.
  • Hydrogen sulfide U+0048 U+2082 U+0053. Typed plain it is H2S: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Iodine U+0049 U+2082. Typed plain it is I2: 1 of its 2 characters is lowered.
  • Lithium oxide U+004C U+0069 U+2082 U+004F. Typed plain it is Li2O: 1 of its 4 characters is lowered.
  • Lithium sulfide U+004C U+0069 U+2082 U+0053. Typed plain it is Li2S: 1 of its 4 characters is lowered.
  • Methane U+0043 U+0048 U+2084. Typed plain it is CH4: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Nitrogen U+004E U+2082. Typed plain it is N2: 1 of its 2 characters is lowered.
  • Nitrogen dioxide U+004E U+004F U+2082. Typed plain it is NO2: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Nitrogen trichloride U+004E U+0043 U+006C U+2083. Typed plain it is NCl3: 1 of its 4 characters is lowered.
  • Nitrous oxide U+004E U+2082 U+004F. Typed plain it is N2O: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Ozone U+004F U+2083. Typed plain it is O3: 1 of its 2 characters is lowered.
  • Phosphine U+0050 U+0048 U+2083. Typed plain it is PH3: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Phosphorus pentoxide U+0050 U+2082 U+004F U+2085. Typed plain it is P2O5: 2 of its 4 characters are lowered.
  • Potassium oxide U+004B U+2082 U+004F. Typed plain it is K2O: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Potassium sulfide U+004B U+2082 U+0053. Typed plain it is K2S: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Propane U+0043 U+2083 U+0048 U+2088. Typed plain it is C3H8: 2 of its 4 characters are lowered.
  • Pyrite U+0046 U+0065 U+0053 U+2082. Typed plain it is FeS2: 1 of its 4 characters is lowered. The glossary also lists it as fool's gold.
  • Silane U+0053 U+0069 U+0048 U+2084. Typed plain it is SiH4: 1 of its 4 characters is lowered.
  • Silica U+0053 U+0069 U+004F U+2082. Typed plain it is SiO2: 1 of its 4 characters is lowered. The glossary also lists it as quartz.
  • Sulfur dioxide U+0053 U+004F U+2082. Typed plain it is SO2: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Sulfur hexafluoride U+0053 U+0046 U+2086. Typed plain it is SF6: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Sulfur trioxide U+0053 U+004F U+2083. Typed plain it is SO3: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Titanium dioxide U+0054 U+0069 U+004F U+2082. Typed plain it is TiO2: 1 of its 4 characters is lowered. The glossary also lists it as rutile.
  • Tungsten(VI) oxide U+0057 U+004F U+2083. Typed plain it is WO3: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Uranium dioxide U+0055 U+004F U+2082. Typed plain it is UO2: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Uranium(VI) fluoride U+0055 U+0046 U+2086. Typed plain it is UF6: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered.
  • Vanadium pentoxide U+0056 U+2082 U+004F U+2085. Typed plain it is V2O5: 2 of its 4 characters are lowered.
  • Water U+0048 U+2082 U+004F. Typed plain it is H2O: 1 of its 3 characters is lowered. The first formula of the sample line in the box.
  • Zirconium dioxide U+005A U+0072 U+004F U+2082. Typed plain it is ZrO2: 1 of its 4 characters is lowered.

Maths indices 12

  • a sub n U+0061 U+2099. The nth term of a sequence.
  • a sub n minus one U+0061 U+2099 U+208B U+2081. The term before the nth. The lowered sign is U+208B Subscript minus, not a hyphen.
  • a sub n plus one U+0061 U+2099 U+208A U+2081. The term after the nth. The lowered plus is U+208A.
  • a sub one U+0061 U+2081. The first term of a sequence. Typed plain it is a1.
  • Log base ten U+006C U+006F U+0067 U+2081 U+2080. The 10 is two characters, U+2081 and U+2080.
  • Log base two U+006C U+006F U+0067 U+2082. Typed plain it is log2, and Numbers only makes the same.
  • x sub i U+0078 U+1D62. The lowered i is U+1D62, from the Phonetic Extensions block.
  • x sub i j U+0078 U+1D62 U+2C7C. Two index letters. The lowered j, U+2C7C, is the newest character in the row: Unicode 5.1, April 2008.
  • x sub n U+0078 U+2099. Numbers only cannot make it, because it lowers digits alone. Type n, copy it from Whole line and paste it after the x.
  • x sub one U+0078 U+2081. The first of a list: x₁, x₂, x₃. Typed plain it is x1.
  • x sub two U+0078 U+2082. Typed plain it is x2. For x squared the 2 goes up, not down.
  • x sub zero U+0078 U+2080. Typed plain it is x0, and Numbers only makes the same.

Signs and brackets 5

  • Subscript equals sign U+208C. The lowered equals sign, as in the ᵢ₌₁ under a sum.
  • Subscript left parenthesis U+208D. Opens a bracket below the line, as in x₍ₙ₎.
  • Subscript minus U+208B. The lowered form of the minus sign, U+2212. This page also gives it for a typed hyphen, as in aₙ₋₁.
  • Subscript plus sign U+208A. For an index that counts on, as in aₙ₊₁.
  • Subscript right parenthesis U+208E. Closes the bracket that U+208D opens.

Latin letters 18

  • Latin subscript small letter a U+2090. The first lowered letters in the block: a, e, o, x and schwa all came with Unicode 4.1, March 2005.
  • Latin subscript small letter e U+2091. Added with a, o, x and schwa in Unicode 4.1, March 2005.
  • Latin subscript small letter h U+2095. One of eight letters (h, k, l, m, n, p, s, t) added in Unicode 6.0, October 2010, for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.
  • Latin subscript small letter i U+1D62. The index letter of xᵢ. It sits in the Phonetic Extensions block and is older than the lowered a: it came with Unicode 4.0, April 2003.
  • Latin subscript small letter j U+2C7C. The second index letter, as in xᵢⱼ. The only subscript in the Latin Extended-C block, added in Unicode 5.1, April 2008.
  • Latin subscript small letter k U+2096. One of eight letters (h, k, l, m, n, p, s, t) added in Unicode 6.0, October 2010, for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.
  • Latin subscript small letter l U+2097. One of eight letters (h, k, l, m, n, p, s, t) added in Unicode 6.0, October 2010, for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.
  • Latin subscript small letter m U+2098. One of eight letters (h, k, l, m, n, p, s, t) added in Unicode 6.0, October 2010, for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.
  • Latin subscript small letter n U+2099. The n of aₙ, the nth term. One of eight letters the code chart files under Subscripts for UPA, the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, added in Unicode 6.0, October 2010.
  • Latin subscript small letter o U+2092. Added with a, e, x and schwa in Unicode 4.1, March 2005.
  • Latin subscript small letter p U+209A. One of eight letters (h, k, l, m, n, p, s, t) added in Unicode 6.0, October 2010, for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.
  • Latin subscript small letter r U+1D63. One of four letters (i, r, u, v) in the Phonetic Extensions block, added in Unicode 4.0, April 2003.
  • Latin subscript small letter s U+209B. One of eight letters (h, k, l, m, n, p, s, t) added in Unicode 6.0, October 2010, for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.
  • Latin subscript small letter schwa U+2094. Stands for ə, the schwa of phonetic writing, U+0259. Added in Unicode 4.1, March 2005.
  • Latin subscript small letter t U+209C. One of eight letters (h, k, l, m, n, p, s, t) added in Unicode 6.0, October 2010, for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.
  • Latin subscript small letter u U+1D64. One of four letters (i, r, u, v) in the Phonetic Extensions block, added in Unicode 4.0, April 2003.
  • Latin subscript small letter v U+1D65. One of four letters (i, r, u, v) in the Phonetic Extensions block, added in Unicode 4.0, April 2003.
  • Latin subscript small letter x U+2093. The x of aₓ. Added with a, e, o and schwa in Unicode 4.1, March 2005.

Greek letters 5

  • Greek subscript small letter beta U+1D66. Stands for β, U+03B2. One of five lowered Greek letters, all in the Phonetic Extensions block since Unicode 4.0, April 2003.
  • Greek subscript small letter chi U+1D6A. Stands for χ, U+03C7. One of five lowered Greek letters, all in the Phonetic Extensions block since Unicode 4.0, April 2003.
  • Greek subscript small letter gamma U+1D67. Stands for γ, U+03B3. One of five lowered Greek letters, all in the Phonetic Extensions block since Unicode 4.0, April 2003.
  • Greek subscript small letter phi U+1D69. Stands for φ, U+03C6. One of five lowered Greek letters, all in the Phonetic Extensions block since Unicode 4.0, April 2003.
  • Greek subscript small letter rho U+1D68. Stands for ρ, U+03C1. One of five lowered Greek letters, all in the Phonetic Extensions block since Unicode 4.0, April 2003.

Added in Unicode 18.0 4

  • Latin subscript small letter gamma U+1DFD0. Stands for ɣ, the Latin gamma of phonetic writing, U+0263. Added in Unicode 18.0, September 2026, in the Latin Extended-G block. It lies outside the first 65,536 code points, so a box that counts UTF-16 units counts it as two.
  • Latin subscript small letter w U+209D. Added in Unicode 18.0 on 16 September 2026 with y and z, for phonetic transcription. A font made before then has no shape for it and shows an empty box.
  • Latin subscript small letter y U+209E. Added in Unicode 18.0 on 16 September 2026 with w and z, for phonetic transcription. A font made before then has no shape for it and shows an empty box.
  • Latin subscript small letter z U+209F. Added in Unicode 18.0 on 16 September 2026 with w and y, for phonetic transcription. A font made before then has no shape for it and shows an empty box.

Cyrillic letters 26

  • Cyrillic subscript small letter a U+1E051. Stands for а, U+0430 Cyrillic small letter a. The first of 26 lowered Cyrillic letters, all added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in a block the code chart calls phonetic extensions. There is none for й, м, н, р, т, щ, ь, э, ю, я or ё.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter be U+1E052. Stands for б, U+0431 Cyrillic small letter be. Like all 26, it lies outside the first 65,536 code points, so a box that counts UTF-16 units counts it as two.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter Byelorussian-Ukrainian i U+1E068. Stands for і, U+0456 Cyrillic small letter Byelorussian-Ukrainian i. One of four lowered letters from outside the Russian alphabet. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter che U+1E063. Stands for ч, U+0447 Cyrillic small letter che. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter de U+1E055. Stands for д, U+0434 Cyrillic small letter de. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter dze U+1E069. Stands for ѕ, U+0455 Cyrillic small letter dze. One of four lowered letters from outside the Russian alphabet. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter dzhe U+1E06A. Stands for џ, U+045F Cyrillic small letter dzhe. One of four lowered letters from outside the Russian alphabet. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter ef U+1E060. Stands for ф, U+0444 Cyrillic small letter ef. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter el U+1E05B. Stands for л, U+043B Cyrillic small letter el. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter es U+1E05E. Stands for с, U+0441 Cyrillic small letter es. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter ghe U+1E054. Stands for г, U+0433 Cyrillic small letter ghe. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter ghe with upturn U+1E067. Stands for ґ, U+0491 Cyrillic small letter ghe with upturn. One of four lowered letters from outside the Russian alphabet. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter ha U+1E061. Stands for х, U+0445 Cyrillic small letter ha. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter hard sign U+1E065. Stands for ъ, U+044A Cyrillic small letter hard sign. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter i U+1E059. Stands for и, U+0438 Cyrillic small letter i. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter ie U+1E056. Stands for е, U+0435 Cyrillic small letter ie. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter ka U+1E05A. Stands for к, U+043A Cyrillic small letter ka. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter o U+1E05C. Stands for о, U+043E Cyrillic small letter o. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter pe U+1E05D. Stands for п, U+043F Cyrillic small letter pe. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter sha U+1E064. Stands for ш, U+0448 Cyrillic small letter sha. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter tse U+1E062. Stands for ц, U+0446 Cyrillic small letter tse. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter u U+1E05F. Stands for у, U+0443 Cyrillic small letter u. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter ve U+1E053. Stands for в, U+0432 Cyrillic small letter ve. A font made before September 2022 has no shape for these letters and shows an empty box, so no row of this page prints them.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter yeru U+1E066. Stands for ы, U+044B Cyrillic small letter yeru. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter ze U+1E058. Stands for з, U+0437 Cyrillic small letter ze. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.
  • Cyrillic subscript small letter zhe U+1E057. Stands for ж, U+0436 Cyrillic small letter zhe. Added in Unicode 15.0, September 2022, in the Cyrillic Extended-D block.

No subscript form 6

  • Latin small letter b U+0062. Unicode 18.0 has no subscript b, so the line keeps a plain one.
  • Latin small letter c U+0063. Unicode 18.0 has no subscript c, so the line keeps a plain one.
  • Latin small letter d U+0064. Unicode 18.0 has no subscript d, so the line keeps a plain one.
  • Latin small letter f U+0066. Unicode 18.0 has no subscript f, so the line keeps a plain one.
  • Latin small letter g U+0067. Unicode 18.0 has no subscript g, so the line keeps a plain one.
  • Latin small letter q U+0071. Unicode 18.0 has no subscript q, so the line keeps a plain one.

How this list was compiled: Built by a script from the Unicode Character Database, version 18.0.0 (https://www.unicode.org/Public/18.0.0/ucd/UnicodeData.txt), checked on 2026-09-20; https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/ReadMe.txt confirms 18.0.0 is the current version. The script took every character whose decomposition is tagged <sub>, which is how the database marks a lowered form of another character. It found 68, and all 68 are here: 10 digits, 5 signs, 22 Latin letters (a to z without b, c, d, f, g and q, plus schwa and the Latin gamma), 5 Greek letters and 26 Cyrillic letters. One more row stands for each of the 6 English letters that have no lowered form, marked as gaps. No lowered capital exists: none of the 68 stands for an uppercase letter. The other 62 rows are ready to copy: 50 chemical formulas and 12 maths indices, each a plain letter or two with the lowered characters above. Every formula was matched to its name in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae on 2026-09-20, and a second name is given only where that glossary gives it. A formula wider than a tile of this table is left out, sulfuric acid and glucose among them: type it in the box and the numbers drop the same way. Left out: U+0656 Arabic subscript alef and U+2A27 Plus sign with subscript two, which carry the word in their names and are not a lowered form of anything; U+23E8 Decimal exponent symbol, which has no decomposition; and ions, which need raised characters as well. The version that added each character comes from https://www.unicode.org/Public/18.0.0/ucd/DerivedAge.txt, its block from https://www.unicode.org/Public/18.0.0/ucd/Blocks.txt, the chart headings (Subscripts for UPA, Subscripts for other phonetic transcription, Subscript modifier letters) from https://www.unicode.org/Public/18.0.0/ucd/NamesList.txt, and the release dates from https://www.unicode.org/history/publicationdates.html (18.0.0 on 16 September 2026), all checked on 2026-09-20. The row for the minus takes a typed hyphen, although the character stands for U+2212 Minus sign, because a hyphen is what a keyboard types. Character names are the official Unicode names in sentence case. Licence: own work (facts from the Unicode Character Database, Unicode License v3, and from Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0, restated in our own words)